Analysis of Heavy Metals Found in Vegetables

Analysis of Heavy Metals Found in Vegetables Analysis of heavy metals found in vegetables from some cultivated irrigated gardens in the Amravati City, India. Arvaind Chavhan, Dhote Jayashree  and Ingole Sangita Introduction Irrigation is the artificial addition of water to soils in order to meet plants’ needs to overcome drought limitations and improve the crops’ yields. However, other factors such as soil and water quality and management practices are also important. Wastewater irrigation is known to contribute significantly to the heavy metal contents of soils (Mapanda et al., 2005; Devkota and Schmidt, 2000). In Zimbabwe, Nyamangara and Mzezewa (1999) implicated land disposal of sewage and industrial effluents as the chief source of heavy metal enrichment of pasturelands and agricultural fields. Barrow and Webber (1972), Pike et al. (1975) pointed out the dangers of repeatedly treating soils with metallurgical slag because of the possible build up of elements to toxic concentrations. Juste (1974) observed that the spreading of some organic wastes (town refuse, domestic and industrial effluents etc) might contribute to increased levels of nonessential metals in soil, which could cause poor plant growth. Studies conducted by Kisku et al. (2000) in Kalipur, Bangladesh, on the uptake of Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd by Brassica oleracea from fields irrigated with industrial effluent indicated widespread contamination from heavy metals despite showing a healthy and gigantic external morphology. High levels of accumulation of heavy metals from soil by common garden vegetables have been reported by many env ironmental researchers (Boon and Soltanpour, 1992; De Pieri et al., 1997; Xiong, 1998). Therefore, heavy metal contamination of vegetables cannot be underestimated as these foodstuffsare important components of human diet. Vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and fibers, and also have beneficial anti-oxidative effects. However, intake of heavy metal-contaminated vegetables may pose a risk to the human health. This is because, heavy metals have the ability to accumulate in living organisms and at elevated levels they can be toxic. It has been reported that prolonged consumption of unsafe concentrations of heavy metals through foodstuffs may lead to the chronic accumulation of the metals in the kidney and liver of humans causing disruption of  numerous biochemical processes, leading to cardiovascular, nervous, kidney and bone diseases  (Trichopoulos,1997; Jarup, 2003). Determination of the chemical composition of plants is one of the most frequently used methods of monitoring environmental pollution. Various plants have been used as bioindicators (Kasanen and Venetvaara, 1991). Several studies have been reported on the accumulation of environmental pollutants in plants. In Israel, for example lichen and higher plant species were exposed near industrial areas in order to detect the accumulation of heavy metals in these plants (Naveh et al., 1979). Tree barks and their leaves remain in the environment for a long period and are sensitive indicators of the environmental contamination with heavy metals, sulphur and fluorine (Ayodele and Ahmed, 2001). Batagarawa (2000), analyzed moss plant in Kano metropolis for heavy metals and reported high levels of lead, zinc and cadmium from industrial areas of Sharada, Bompai and Challawa. Nuhu (2000) also reported high levels of cadmium, manganese and lead in mango leaves obtained from industrial areas of Bompai, Challawa and Sharada in Kano metropolis.Kano is one of the highly populated cities in Nigeria. It lies within longitude 8 ° 32’E and latitude 11 ° 58’N, within a topographical drainage of River J akara flowing north east. The vegetation of the area is the savannah type, with more grasses than hard wood trees. The average annual rainfall of the area is 817 mm and the temperature varies between 27 to 35 °C with a moderate relative humidity. Study area Jakara (JKR) and Kwakwachi (KKC) gardens are irrigation sites alongside Jakara river valley at Ahmaddiya and Sabon-gari areas respectively, while Sharada (SRD) garden is located in the middle of industries at Sharada industrial estate all in the Kano metropolis. In these three sites, farming activities are carried out throughout the year but with domestic and industrial wastewaters being used to treat the soils during dry seasons. Thomas (TMS) Dam is another irrigation site outside Kano metropolis where fresh water from the dam is being used to treat the  soils during dry seasons.   The objectives of this study were to analyze the vegetable samples from the irrigation sites for heavymetals and to compare results obtained with one another and with those of National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) safe limits, while using vegetable (spinach, okra, onions and tomatoes) samples from Thomas Dam as control. The metals of interest include cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The results obtained from this study will be useful for assessing the metals contamination and as well as determining the need for remediation. The results would also provide information for background levels of metals in the vegetables in the study area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analytical reagent (AnalaR) grade chemicals and distilled water were used throughout the study. All glassware and plastic containers used in this work were washed with detergent solution  followed by 20%( v/v) nitric acid and then rinsed with tap water and finally with distilled water. Sampling and sample treatment The vegetables analyzed include spinach, okra, tomatoes and onions. Samples were collected twice in the year 2002 from three different farms in each site. The first round of sampling was carried out in May towards the end of the dry season while the second round was in September at the peak of the rainy season. Each sample was randomly handpicked, wrapped in a big brown  envelope and labeled. In the laboratory, each sample was washed with tap water and thereafter with distilled water and then dried in an oven at 80 °C (Larry and Morgan, 1986). At the end of the drying, the oven was  turned off and left overnight to enable the sample cool to room temperature. Each sample was grounded into a fine powder, sieved and finally stored in a 250 cm3 screw capped plastic jar  appropriately labeled. Digestion procedure A 2.0 g of the sample was weighed out into a Kjaedahl flask mixed with 20 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid, concentrated perchloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in the ratio 1: 4: 40 by volume respectively and left to stand overnight. Thereafter, the flask was heated at 70 °C for about 40 min and then, the heat was increased to 120 °C. The mixture turned black after a while (Erwin and lvo, 1992). The digestion was complete when the solution became clear and white fumes appeared. The digest was diluted with 20 cm3 of distilled water and boiled for 15 min. This was then allowed to cool, transferred into 100 cm3 volumetric flasks and diluted to the mark with distilled water. The sample solution was then filtered through a filter paper into a screw capped polyethylene bottle. Instrumental analysis An Alpha 4 model atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Chemtec Analytical, UK) equipped with photomultiplier tube detector and hollow cathode lamps was used for the determination of metal concentrations. Working standards were also prepared by further dilution of 1000 ppm stock solution of each of the metals and a calibration curve was constructed by plotting absorbance versus concentration. By interpolation, the concentrations of the metals in sample digests were determined. Statistical analysis All analysis was performed in triplicates. Results were expressed by means of  ±SD. Statistical significance was established using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means were separated according to Duncan’s multiple range analysis (p RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The mean concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in different vegetable samples from the three effluent irrigated sites and the control are listed in Tables 1A and B. The results generally show significant levels (p However, there are a few cases in the control site where negative values were recorded for percentage loss of metal in rainy season samples over those of the dry season, thus indicating an increase in metal levels in the rainy season samples over those of the dry season (Table 2). This may be attributed to the possibility of the runoffs from the surrounding land containing metal salts being washed into the control site. Generally, the mean concentration range of Cu in all vegetables analyzed was 0.30 to 7.50 mg/Kg, with the highest concentration recorded for Jakara onions and the lowest for spinach from the control site. The maximum value recorded is below the National Agency for Food  and Drug Administration and Controls (NAFDAC) maximum tolerable Cu concentration of 40 mg/Kg in fresh vegetables (Figure 1). Ni was below detectable level in the control samples while the highest level of 2.02 mg/Kg was obtained in SRD spinach. Also Pb was below the detectable level in control samples while SRD spinach recorded the highest level of 1.60 mg/Kg. The highest values obtained for Pb and Ni are below the NAFDAC safe limits for these metals (2.00 and 2.70 mg/Kg, respectively) in fresh vegetables. The mean concentration range for Co was found to be 0.12 to 1.14 mg/Kg with the highest concentration recorded in JKR onions and the lowest in tomato from control site. The mean concentration range for Cr was found to be 0.16 to 0.85 mg/Kg with the highest concentration recorded in JKR spinach and the lowest in the okra from control site. The results indicated the mean concentration range of Zn to be 0.67 to 18.89 mg/Kg with the highest concentration found in JKR onions and the lowest in tomatoes from the control site. However, the highest value obtained is still below the NAFDAC safe limit of Zn (50 mg/Kg) in fresh vegetables. The results  obtained in this study are comparable with some literature values of similar studies reported previously (Onianwa et al., 2001; Erwin and Ivo, 1992; Pennington et al., 1995). Consequently, from the results, the general trend for the mean levels of metals analyzed in all vegetables sampled from the three effluent irrigated sites as well as the control for both dry and rainy seasons showed that for the concentrations of Cu and Zn, JKR > KKC > SRD > Control; for Co and Cr concentrations, JKR> SRD> KKC > Control; for Ni concentration, SRD> JKR > KKC > Control, and for Pb concentrations, SRD > KKC > JKR > Control (Figure 1).These sequences indicated that the metal contents of the vegetables are higher in areas being treated with wastewater. The observation is in good agreement with other studies elsewhere (Sharma et al., 2006; Sawidis et al., 2001) which suggested that uptake of metals by plants is proportional to their concentrations and availabilities in soils. Dasuki (2000) had earlier reported high levels of Cr (1.5 to 3.8 mg/Kg) in effluents from Sharada and Challawa industrial estates while Batagarawa (2000) had also reported high levels of Cu (1.74 to 1 1.54 mg/Kg), Pb (10.38 to 154.64 mg/Kg), and Zn (11.40 to 87.34 mg/Kg) in the samples of moss plant from Bompai and Sharada industrial estates in Kano metropolis. The trend also shows that JKR garden recorded highest mean concentrations in four out of six metals analyzed (Co, Cu, Zn and Cr), while SRD garden recorded highest concentrations in two metals (Ni and Pb). Hence, the trend for the level of contamination by metals in the irrigation gardens is JKR > SRD > KKC > control (Figure 1). The high mean levels of Pb and Ni in SRD samples could be attributed to industrial emissions (Yilmaz and Zengin, 2004) while the high level of Pb in KKC could be attributed to automobile emissions as a result of its proximity to the road side in addition to the possible high levels of metal in contaminated wastewater being used for irrigation. The close relationship between lead concentrations and traffic intensity has been  demonstrated in detail by many authors (Li et al., 2001; Viard et al.,2004). Furthermore, the relative high levels of Zn, Cu, Co and Cr in JKR and KKC samples may be attributed to the contaminated Jakara stream (Ogbalor, 1991; Dasuki, 2 000) used for treating soils at the two  sites, as many industrial and domestic waste waters are discharged into it. Conclusion This study further confirms the increased danger of growing vegetables on soils irrigated with contaminated industrial and domestic wastewaters. However, the levels of the metals are currently within the NAFDAC safe limits guidelines. But, if the practice of treating the soils in the irrigation gardens with contaminated waters is not controlled, it may lead to health hazard on the part of consumers of the vegetables on the long term. Therefore, there is the need to continually monitor, control and take necessary policy decisions so as to limit and ultimately  prevent these avoidable problems. However, in the mean time, farmers from the study areas are hereby encouraged to use well water for irrigation in their gardens instead of contaminated streams. Table :1 Heavy metal concentration of Waste water of Amravati ciy, Maharashtra India. (mean Value)

Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay -- Psychology Freud Psychological Paper

Psychoanalytic Criticism Introduction The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud spent much of his life exploring the workings of the unconscious. Freud's work has influenced society in ways which we take for granted. When we speak of Freudian slips or look for hidden causes behind irrational behavior, we are using aspects of Freudian analysis. Many literary critics have also adopted Freud's various theories and methods. In order to define Freudian literary criticism, we will examine how various critics approach Freud's work. We will pay special attention to issues of creativity , author psychology , and psycho-biography . Creativity and neurosis Many of us may be familiar with the notion that creativity is intertwined with repression and pain. We may look at the paintings of Van Gogh as a recording of his descent into madness. Both the literary critic Lionel Trilling and Freud have written on the connection between the unconscious and artistic production. In The Liberal Imagination, Trilling writes of the "mechanisms by which art makes its effects" (53). Trilling suggests that these "mechanisms" make the thoughts of the unconscious more acceptable to the conscious, and he refers to "mechanisms" such as the "condensations of meanings and the displacement of accent" (53). The processes of "condensation" and "displacement" are both described by Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams: thoughts and images in dreams may have more than one meaning, Freud says, and one thought or image may be transferred onto another one, possibly because the mind finds the second thought or image more acceptable than the first one. Freud labels the former process "condensation" and the latter one "displacement." Freud devised these terms for hi... ... by the roles and portrayals of women in society. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Ed. and trans. James Strachey. New York: Basic Books, 1965. Irigaray, Luce. "Another 'Cause'--Castration." Feminisms. Ed. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price Herndl. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1991. 404-12. Frederick, Karl. "Introduction to the Danse Macabre: Conrad's Heart of Darkness." Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. 123-138. Murfin, Ross C. "Psychoanalytic Criticism and Heart of Darkness." Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. 113- 123. Trilling, Lionel. The Liberal Imagination. New York: Viking, 1950. Wilson, Edmund. The Wound and the Bow. New York: Oxford UP, 1947.

Existentialism And Modern Analysis

In his writing, Sartre adheres to the famous construct of † the theory of compromise† , as can be seen in his novel â€Å"Nausea†. This † theory of compromise† theme lends itself to the tenets of post-structuralism. Sartre's writings bear much truth, rather, they are all excellent and sublime in their characteristic beauty. Jean-Paul is the father of Existentialist philosophy, in the realm of Literary Studies and the Existentialist movement has been extremely popular amongst Marxists for it seems that Sartre's world view appealed greatly to Marxist sentiments and sensibilities. Sartre's passionate tone and empathic writing ( writing that has the quality of being ‘for the masses')influences one to give the subject of his fervent ruminations and expressions; only the most undivided actualization of esteem, a delegation of importance to Sartre's writings and simply put- one's full attention. The French writer Sartre never failed to extol the ideas behind how ‘Existentialist philosophy is real human philosophy'. Existentialism, in the briefest of lexical salutes, affirms this belief: that people are always in search of something to accomplish in their lives, and even if the most common observation resulting from surveys about the practices of Existentialists; is how they almost never finish what they begin to ‘do' – observations that posit negativity, focusing on the process of how individuals manage their existence instead of outcomes and products, is an immortal tribute to the quality of human living. History can only repeat itself, so much so that definable and manifested change is no longer necessary for positive developments to arise in the history of human civilization. One social institution that can be analyzed using the Existentialist paradigm would be the work force involved in public works and highways. These people dig on freeways that they close off at time in order to fix the plumbing system of cities. They also work in the suburbs. We can look into the life of the lead character of Jean Paul Sartre's â€Å" Nausea†, Antoine Roquentin. Antoine, as the narrator of â€Å"Nausea†, begins his story by saying that â€Å" Tomorrow it will rain in Bouville†. Antoine is a writer who settled in Bouvile ( France) for three years and Mr. Roquentin was conducting historical research on the life of the Marquis de Rollebon. The main concern of the existentialist musings of Antoine was the FACTICITY of life. Facticity, according to Melanie Revienne in â€Å" Existentialist Philosophy and Jean Paul Sartre† is signifies all of the concrete details against the background of which human freedom exists and is limited.. But Antoine is able to gain an epiphany regarding his existence when he thinks to himself, â€Å" People. You must love people. Men are admirable. I want to vomit-and suddenly there is Nausea†¦ Nausea-blinding evidence- I exist- the world exists-I know the world exists. That's all, it makes no difference Time. † Roquentin, at some point in his research becomes bored with the character of Marquis de Rollebon, and instead, he becomes obsessed with the idea that he is actually, writing a book. Antoine is also very preoccupied with the process of regaining the affections and feelings of his former lover Anny, to which she has this to say, â€Å" You can't begin again. † In the end, Antoine becomes fixated with the making of records- musical records- â€Å" the song of the Negresse singer- and he decides to cease working on his book and to try his hand at the production of recorded music in vinyl. â€Å" You must be like us, suffer in rhythm. SPIN ( the city is first to abandon me ) Strains of music above can proudly carry their own death within themselves like an internal necessity, only, they don't exist. A book! Be above existence, make people ashamed of their existence- beautiful, hard as steel. And I might succeed, in the past, nothing but in the past – in accepting myself. † Then Antoine, does â€Å"begin again† when he ends his story, using the same line, â€Å" Tomorrow it will rain in Bouville. † The diggers of the city have all of the systematic order and precision that Antoine evoked as the principal of life. They have the routine boredom of â€Å"nausea†. The diggers have all the time in the world to contemplate the past by the very act of using their work instruments in order to take from the surface, the concrete, grit and hollow that was, and to study the pipes of the city. The water pipes have their tales to tell. And they too can â€Å" begin again† when they close one land orifice ( hole) that they have dug, and start with another section. They make beautiful, the otherwise mundane task of working for the public works and highways.

Vaccines And The Air Force And Mankind - 1823 Words

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